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Practical consideration for design and optimization of the step feed process

Shijian GE, Yongzhen PENG, Congcong LU, Shuying WANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第1期页码 135-142 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0454-3

摘要： Based on the anoxic/oxic (A/O) step feed process, a modified University of Cape Town (UCT) step feed process was developed by adding an anaerobic zone and adjusting sludge return pipeline. Performance evaluation of these two types of processes was investigated by optimizing operational parameters, such as the anaerobic/anoxic/oxic volumes, internal recycle ratios, and sludge retention times, for removal of chemical oxygen demanding (COD), nitrogen, and phosphorus. Results showed high removal efficiencies of COD of (85.0±1.7)%, ammonium of (99.7±0.2)%, total nitrogen (TN) of (85.5±1.7)%, phosphorus of (95.1±3.3)%, as well as excellent sludge settleability with average sludge volume index of (83.7±9.5) L·mg in the modified UCT process. Moreover, (61.5±6.0)% of influent COD was efficiently involved in denitrification or phosphorus release process. As much as 35.3% of TN was eliminated through simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process in aerobic zones. In addition, the presence of denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DNPAOs), accounting for approximately 39.2% of PAOs, was also greatly beneficial to the nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Consequently, the modified UCT step feed process was more attractive for the wastewater treatment plant, because it had extremely competitive advantages such as higher nutrient removal efficiencies, lower energy and dosages consumption, excellent settling sludge and operational assurance.

关键词： step feed anoxic/oxic (A/O) University of Cape Town (UCT) simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) denitrifying phosphorus removal biological nutrient removal (BNR)

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Design considerations and experimental studies on semi-active smart pin joint

Yancheng LI, Jianchun LI, Bijan SAMALI, Jiong WANG,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第4卷第4期页码 363-370 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0074-1

摘要： Hostile dynamic loadings such as severe wind storms, earthquakes, and sudden impacts can cause severe damage to many civil engineering structures. An intelligent structural system equipped with smart structural members that are controllable in real-time is an effective solution to structural damage and failure during such situations. Civil intelligent structures with controllable properties to adapt to any changes due to dynamic loadings can lead to effective protection of structures and their occupants. In this paper, design and testing of a semi-active magnetorheological (MR) pin joint, in which the moment resistance can be controlled in real-time by altering the magnetic field, is reported with the view of using it as a potential candidate for smart members in the development of intelligent structures. Design of prototype smart pin joints includes theoretical analysis related to the radius of the rotary plate, the property of MR fluids and the gap between the rotary plate and the casing based on the requirements of the dynamics of MR pin joints. FEM analysis was deployed to study the distribution of the magnetic field along the gap. It is found, from the theoretical analysis and experimental verification, that the MR pin joint with a diameter of 180 mm can produce a torque of up to 30 Nm, which meets requirements for semi-active members in a multi-storey prototype building model in the next stage of research and development.

关键词： magnetorheological (MR) fluids smart pin joint design consideration

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Process synthesis with simultaneous consideration of inherent safety-inherent risk footprint

Andreja Nemet, Jiří J. Klemeš, Zdravko Kravanja

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第4期页码 745-762 doi: 10.1007/s11705-018-1779-7

摘要：

Process plants should be designed to be economically viable and environmentally friendly, while also being operable and maintainable during process implementation. The safety of processes is among the most important considerations in obtaining results that are more acceptably realistic, as it is linked to the availability and reliability of the process. Inherent safety can effectively be enhanced in the early stages of the design, when the main decisions on process design are made. The aim of this study is to enhance and select the appropriate risk assessment method and to incorporate it into process synthesis, using a mathematical programming approach. A mixed-integer, nonlinear programming (MINLP) model was used for the synthesis of a methanol production process, considering risk assessment during the synthesis. Risk assessment is performed simultaneously with the MINLP process synthesis, where the risk is determined either for the whole process as overall risk, or on a per unit-of-a-product basis. For the latter, a new measurement is proposed: the inherent risk footprint. The results of a case study led to two main conclusions: (i) Significantly safer designs can be obtained at negligible economic expense, and (ii) at higher production capacities, a lower inherent risk footprint can be achieved. The results also indicate that designs obtained using this method can have significantly increased inherent safety, while remaining economically viable.

关键词： inherent safety process design simultaneous risk assessment risk footprint methanol process

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The fundamental theory of traditional Chinese medicine and the consideration in its research strategy

Zhenji Li, Chunbo Xu

《医学前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第2期页码 208-211 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0126-x

摘要： Stressing the uniqueness and complexity of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory system, this paper analyzes the characteristics of TCM as a discipline from four perspectives: scientific nature, fundamental theory, clinical practice, and pharmacological action. It suggests that when the research strategy of TCM theory is designed, the core theory of TCM should be emphasized on the theoretical research on TCM original thinking theory, TCM theory, Chinese materia medica and formulas, acupuncture and moxibustion, meridians and collaterals, and other related fields. Researchers and practitioners should ensure that the basic research on TCM theory is based on clinical practice, research methods (both traditional and contemporary) are exploited, and methodological innovation is underscored. The rule of TCM development should be followed and the characteristics and advantages of TCM carried forward. Meanwhile, the methods and theory of contemporary science and technology should be exploited to fulfill the goal of inheriting, enriching, and developing the fundamental theory of TCM.

关键词： fundamental theory traditional Chinese medicine research strategy

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Basic consideration of research strategies for head and neck cancer

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第4期页码 339-353 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0213-7

摘要：

Head and neck cancer (HNC) consists of a group of malignancies affecting closely related anatomical regions of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), including the oral cavity, salivary glands, upper and lower jaw bones and facial skin; the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx and thyroid gland (although the latter is often excluded and considered as part of endocrine neoplasms). Of these, 90% of HNCs are histologically squamous cell carcinomas originating from the mucosal lining. These malignancies are strongly associated with certain environmental and life-style risk factors, principally tobacco in both smoked and smokeless forms, excessive alcohol consumption, diets poor in antioxidants and essential micronutrients, UV light, chemicals used in certain workplaces, and viruses, principally certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). These cancers are frequently aggressive in their biological behaviour with local invasion and metastasis to lymph nodes in the neck. Since most patients are already at late stages of disease at the time of diagnosis, the desirable practice of early diagnosis (first sign of the malignant lesion at an initial stage ) and early treatment, a critical priority to save lives and retain quality of life, is difficult to implement. Thus, primary prevention has been set as a key goal. This article aims to reinforce the basic knowledge of aetiology, key risk factors related to the development of head and neck cancer, basic features of clinical appearance of this group of cancers, and strategies for prevention and early detection. We also suggest basic research strategies on the basis of current knowledge, which should ultimately lead to the improvement of clinical management.

关键词： clinical management head and neck cancer prevention and early detection research strategies risk factors

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Modeling of the minimum cutting thickness in micro cutting with consideration of the friction around

Tianfeng ZHOU, Ying WANG, Benshuai RUAN, Zhiqiang LIANG, Xibin WANG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第15卷第1期页码 81-88 doi: 10.1007/s11465-019-0561-y

摘要： Friction modeling between the tool and the workpiece plays an important role in predicting the minimum cutting thickness during TC4 micro machining and finite element method (FEM) cutting simulation. In this study, a new three-region friction modeling is proposed to illustrate the material flow mechanism around the friction zone in micro cutting; estimate the stress distributions on the rake, edge, and clearance faces of the tool; and predict the stagnation point location and the minimum cutting thickness. The friction modeling is established by determining the distribution of normal and shear stress. Then, it is applied to calculate the stagnation point location on the edge face and predict the minimum cutting thickness. The stagnation point and the minimum cutting thickness are also observed and illustrated in the FEM simulation. Micro cutting experiments are conducted to validate the accuracy of the friction and the minimum cutting thickness modeling. Comparison results show that the proposed friction model illustrates the relationship between the normal and sheer stress on the tool surface, thereby validating the modeling method of the minimum cutting thickness in micro cutting.

关键词： tool friction minimum cutting thickness finite element method tool edge radius micro cutting

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Fuzzy stochastic long-term model with consideration of uncertainties for deployment of distributed energy

Iraj AHMADIAN,Oveis ABEDINIA,Noradin GHADIMI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第4期页码 412-425 doi: 10.1007/s11708-014-0315-9

摘要： This paper presents a novel modified interactive honey bee mating optimization (IHBMO) base fuzzy stochastic long-term approach for determining optimum location and size of distributed energy resources (DERs). The Monte Carlo simulation method is used to model the uncertainties associated with long-term load forecasting. A proper combination of several objectives is considered in the objective function. Reduction of loss and power purchased from the electricity market, loss reduction in peak load level and reduction in voltage deviation are considered simultaneously as the objective functions. First, these objectives are fuzzified and designed to be comparable with each other. Then, they are introduced into an IHBMO algorithm in order to obtain the solution which maximizes the value of integrated objective function. The output power of DERs is scheduled for each load level. An enhanced economic model is also proposed to justify investment on DER. An IEEE 30-bus radial distribution test system is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

关键词： component distributed energy resources fuzzy optimization loss reduction interactive honey bee mating optimization (IHBMO) voltage deviation reduction stochastic programming

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Performance of soft-hard-soft (SHS) cement based composite subjected to blast loading with consideration

Jun WU,Xuemei LIU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第3期页码 323-340 doi: 10.1007/s11709-015-0301-2

摘要： This paper presents a combined experimental and numerical study on the damage and performance of a soft-hard-soft (SHS) multi-layer cement based composite subjected to blast loading which can be used for protective structures and infrastructures to resist extreme loadings, and the composite consists of three layers of construction materials including asphalt concrete (AC) on the top, high strength concrete (HSC) in the middle, and engineered cementitious composites (ECC) at the bottom. To better characterize the material properties under dynamic loading, interface properties of the composite were investigated through direct shear test and also used to validate the interface model. Strain rate effects of the asphalt concrete were also studied and both compressive and tensile dynamic increase factor (DIF) curves were improved based on split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test. A full-scale field blast test investigated the blast behavior of the composite materials. The numerical model was established by taking into account the strain rate effect of all concrete materials. Furthermore, the interface properties were also considered into the model. The numerical simulation using nonlinear finite element software LS-DYNA agrees closely with the experimental data. Both the numerical and field blast test indicated that the SHS composite exhibited high resistance against blast loading.

关键词： high strength concrete (SHS) engineered cementitious composite interface blast test strain rate effect

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Virtual reality system of manned maneuvering unit taking into consideration the disturbance from an astronaut

CHENG Jian, FAN Xiu-min, XU An, HONG Xin, HUANG Wei-dong

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2006年第1卷第3期页码 282-287 doi: 10.1007/s11465-006-0042-y

摘要： This paper describes a manned maneuvering unit (MMU) virtual reality system. Based on the dynamics/kinematics model of an astronaut equipped with an MMU, a disturbance model of the astronaut s arms under zero gravity conditions is developed. After measuring three initial-position information, the astronaut s arms tracking information is inputted by some tracker setting on an operator using real-time emendation and correction. Finally, the paper presents two different results between loading and unloading the disturbance model within the progress of simulation. From the different results, we find that the motion of an astronaut s arms has greater influence over space walking with the same control mode. The MMU virtual reality provides a new method for the simulation of real space walking, and also a perfect method for developing prototype MMU.

关键词： real-time emendation disturbance maneuvering MMU correction

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中国矿业现代化的战略思考

于润沧

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第3期页码 27-36

摘要：

从掌握资源是矿业企业最基本的竞争力、构建生态矿业工程乃当务之急、信息化建设彻底改变矿山面貌三个方面阐述了我国实现矿业现代化的重要途径和发展战略。

关键词：中国矿业现代化发展战略

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关于CAPP的实践与思考

李培根,张国军

《中国工程科学》 2005年第7卷第3期页码 13-16

摘要：

制造底层信息化是制造业信息化的薄弱环节，计算机辅助工艺规划（CAPP）不仅是制造底层信息化的重要研究领域之一，也是联系底层信息化与上层信息化的桥梁。工艺设计具有范围广、内容多以及个性化强等特点，因此难以实现通用化及商品化；而工艺设计是许多制造活动的交汇点，是与其他信息系统集成困难的主要原因之一。文章介绍了在CAPP方面的研究特色，包括应用框架技术实现开放式CAPP平台，通过BOM转换实现集成化，以及通过解决行业问题加强CAPP的推广实施等；指出了定量化CAPP、基于3D模型的CAPP能主车间级CAPP将是CAPP的重要发展方向。

关键词：制造业信息化计算机辅助工艺规划

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水电站装机容量的重新思考

熊开智,成立芹

《中国工程科学》 2007年第9卷第8期页码 26-29

摘要：

通过分析我国电力系统负荷变化、水电的特点及水电在电力系统中承担调峰任务的巨大优势，以华东电网的现状为例，重点分析了我国水电站装机容量确定原则与我国电力系统调峰需求的矛盾，提出了电力系统成本最优的水电站装机容量选择原则，通过峰谷不平衡电价等反映不同时期电量价值的不同，最后，通过实例研究该原则对水电站装机容量确定的影响，对我国大型水电站装机容量的确定提出新的思考。

关键词：水电站装机容量调峰电力系统

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关于农业生产和农业科学的思考

刘更另

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第4期页码 26-29

摘要：

文章从社会发展谈到农业的重要性。并根据内蒙古、新疆大面积粮食、棉花高产的事实，分析农业科学的根本任务在于创造良好的土、肥、水条件，保证作物能充分利用自然界太阳能。农业科学应该吸取生物学、地学和经济学的某些理论和方法，并不断用信息学武装自己。希望中国科技界为解决我国的农村、农民、农业问题作出贡献。

关键词：农业农业科学

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对下一代坦克火力系统发展的思考

孟慎非

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第6期页码 12-15

摘要：

主战坦克仍将是21世纪陆军作战中的主要武器装备之一。根据对当前局势及装甲火力技术背景的分析，世界下一代坦克火力系统技术将在激烈抗争的严峻态势下寻求新的发展，各军事大国都将在对现役装备技术实施挖潜改造的同时，积极探索高新技术支持下火力技术发展的新途径。建议我国在加强基础技术、总体概念、新型机理及结构设计预先研究上做好发展起步工作。

关键词：坦克火力系统发展建议